Treatment for Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Therapy and Evidence
Author: Ukrainian Psychological Hub · Published: October 13, 2026 · Editorial Policy
Treatment for narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) centers on an individualized, sustained psychotherapy plan that addresses problems in self-esteem regulation, identity, relationships, empathy, and responses to perceived criticism. Treatment can help people develop greater emotional stability, more flexible ways of understanding themselves and others, and more reliable functioning at work and in close relationships. Several psychotherapy models have been adapted specifically for NPD, but the disorder-specific research remains substantially smaller than that for borderline personality disorder. A 2026 randomized trial offers preliminary evidence for two approaches and has prompted a published methodological debate. The most defensible clinical answer is therefore to pursue a thoughtful, collaborative course of psychotherapy while evaluating progress through observable changes in functioning, rather than to promise a particular cure rate or declare one treatment universally superior. Weinberg and Ronningstam's clinical evidence review and the 2026 trial provide the starting points for that distinction.
People often seek treatment after a relationship rupture, workplace setback, episode of depression, profound shame, substance-related difficulty, or another crisis. Others come because persistent interpersonal conflicts or a sense of emptiness have become difficult to tolerate. Seeking help for an immediate problem can become an entry point to exploring enduring patterns. The aim of treatment is a life with more choice, emotional flexibility, reciprocal relationships, and durable well-being.
What Treatment for NPD Is Intended to Change
NPD is a clinical diagnosis describing pervasive, persistent problems in personality functioning, usually involving grandiosity and a need for recognition as well as difficulties in empathy and mutual relationships. The diagnosis requires assessment of long-standing patterns and associated impairment. Ordinary narcissistic traits, ambition, defensiveness in an argument, and a person's harmful behavior toward someone else are not sufficient to establish the disorder. A fuller explanation of symptoms and classification belongs to our clinical overview of narcissistic personality disorder.
Psychotherapy for NPD typically explores several interlocking domains. Identity involves how stable, coherent, and realistic someone's sense of self remains when external approval changes. Self-direction concerns the ability to pursue goals with flexibility, recognize personal limitations, and tolerate imperfect performance. Empathy involves recognizing that other people have independent feelings and perspectives, even during disappointment or conflict. Intimacy concerns sustained mutual connection, trust, and the ability to give and receive support. These are important elements of personality functioning in the DSM-5 alternative model, while the traditional DSM-5-TR categorical diagnosis has its own specified criteria. The WHO's ICD-11 clinical diagnostic framework instead emphasizes the severity of personality disturbance and trait patterns rather than retaining NPD as a separate named category.
A person may be especially sensitive to humiliation, move between certainty and insecurity, withdraw after criticism, seek reassurance through status or admiration, struggle to acknowledge another person's experience, or protect a vulnerable self-image through blame. Such processes are potential treatment targets when a qualified assessment shows they interfere with functioning. Grandiose and vulnerable presentations can coexist or fluctuate. Research does not justify treating them as two formally separate DSM diagnoses or prescribing a therapy from a social-media label. Weinberg and Ronningstam review the relationship between grandiosity, vulnerability, self-esteem regulation, and interpersonal functioning.
What Does the Evidence Actually Show?
The evidence needs to be read in layers. First, clinicians have developed NPD-specific formulations and adaptations of established psychotherapy methods, drawing on accumulated clinical experience and research into personality functioning. Second, small observational and qualitative studies document meaningful change in selected patients. Third, a randomized comparison was published in 2026. These layers support the possibility of improvement, while leaving important uncertainties about average effectiveness, selection of treatment, durability, and which approach works best for whom.
Clinical models and observational evidence
The 2022 review by Weinberg and Ronningstam summarized a field in which no NPD-specific psychotherapy or medication had yet been tested in a randomized controlled trial. Its practical treatment principles included clear goals, an explicit therapeutic framework, attention to self-esteem and relationships, careful alliance-building, and therapist reflection on reactions arising within treatment. Its historical statement about the lack of trials was accurate for the literature reviewed at that time, but the publication of a trial in 2026 requires the evidence picture to be updated.
A 2024 case series by Weinberg and colleagues retrospectively examined eight patients selected because they had improved during psychotherapy. At follow-up after approximately 2.5–5 years of treatment, these patients no longer met the diagnostic criteria used in the study and showed better psychosocial functioning. This is clinically important evidence that significant change can occur. Because the researchers selected successful cases and used retrospective assessments without a control group, the series cannot establish a remission rate for people with NPD generally or identify which component of psychotherapy caused the improvements. A related qualitative study identified motivation, reflective capacity, emotion regulation, and greater engagement with other people as potential indicators and processes of change.
The 2026 randomized trial and its published dispute
In March 2026, Mohajerin, Howard, and Pincus reported a randomized comparison involving 114 participants assigned to schema-focused therapy or the Unified Protocol, a transdiagnostic emotion-focused treatment. The authors reported reductions in NPD symptom-severity measures in both groups over a 12-month follow-up. They also reported stronger change in some grandiose features with schema-focused therapy and in some vulnerability-related measures with the Unified Protocol. This was an important effort to move beyond treatment descriptions and uncontrolled case reports.
In August 2026, Dimaggio and colleagues published a detailed methodological critique. Among their concerns were recruitment and subgroup composition, absence of reported dropout, uncertainties around randomization, retrospective trial registration, reliance on self-report measures, treatment fidelity, and differences in treatment duration or dose. The investigators then published a September 2026 response, disputing or clarifying several of those concerns, describing additional clinician-rated outcomes, and explaining aspects of the trial procedures. Readers should consider the original trial, critique, and response together. The result is a promising but contested trial, not an established ranking of NPD therapies or a reliable prediction of an individual's response.
Evidence borrowed from other personality disorders
A 2025 review of psychotherapy for personality disorders describes how the volume and quality of treatment evidence vary considerably by diagnostic group. Treatments with robust evidence for borderline personality disorder cannot simply be assigned the same effect size in NPD. For example, the American Psychiatric Association's 2024 borderline guideline supports structured psychotherapy for BPD, but it does not function as a NPD-specific treatment guideline. Shared therapeutic principles may be clinically relevant, yet NPD outcomes still require direct study. The broader evidence is discussed separately in our psychotherapy for personality disorders guide.
Which Types of Psychotherapy Are Used for NPD?
Different approaches offer ways to address the same central clinical questions: how someone understands themselves, handles painful feelings, relates to others, and responds when their expectations are frustrated. The choice should reflect the person's presentation, priorities, risk, co-occurring conditions, and access to a clinician experienced in personality pathology. Treatment names are less informative than whether a therapist can explain the formulation, shared goals, method, and process for assessing change.
Transference-focused psychotherapy adapted for narcissistic pathology
Transference-focused psychotherapy for narcissistic pathology (TFP-N) is a psychodynamic approach that examines how a person's internal expectations about themselves and other people become active in the therapeutic relationship. Feelings of idealization, devaluation, rivalry, disappointment, humiliation, or mistrust can provide opportunities to understand and change entrenched interpersonal patterns. A consistent treatment frame and careful discussion of here-and-now interactions are central to this model.
Diamond, Yeomans, and Keefe's 2021 article details the adaptation, its theoretical rationale, and clinical process. Hersh's 2024 article shows how related principles can guide general psychiatric care, including prescribing and safety conversations. These publications establish a coherent specialist treatment model and practical framework. They do not by themselves demonstrate effectiveness for NPD through multiple independent randomized trials. The fact that related TFP methods have been researched in BPD does not erase the need for NPD-specific evaluation.
Mentalization-based treatment and mentalizing approaches
Mentalization refers to the ability to make sense of behavior in terms of one's own and other people's thoughts, feelings, intentions, and uncertainty. When criticism or rejection feels threatening, people may become overly certain about another person's motives, lose track of alternative interpretations, or overlook another person's perspective. A mentalizing approach helps slow that process, examine what can actually be known, and develop curiosity about both parties' experiences.
American Psychiatric Association. (2024). The American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the treatment of patients with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 181(11), 1024–1028. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.24181010
Caligor, E., Levy, K. N., & Yeomans, F. E. (2015). Narcissistic personality disorder: Diagnostic and clinical challenges. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(5), 415–422. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060723
Choi-Kain, Simonsen, and Euler describe an NPD-focused application of mentalization-based treatment. The authors emphasize maintaining an engaged, curious therapeutic stance when shame, defensiveness, or interpersonal tension complicate the alliance. The clinical rationale is relevant to empathy and relationship problems, but this publication is a treatment-model paper rather than a large NPD-specific efficacy trial.
Schema therapy
Schema therapy explores persistent beliefs and emotional patterns concerning worth, dependence, entitlement, mistrust, achievement, inadequacy, or closeness. A clinician may use imagery, behavioral exercises, experiential work, and careful attention to repeated interpersonal strategies. The goal is to increase recognition of vulnerable emotional states and strengthen healthier, more flexible responses instead of repeatedly seeking external validation or retreating from perceived failure.
The 2026 NPD trial studied schema-focused therapy directly, making it especially relevant to this article. Its methodological challenges and the subsequent scholarly critique remain part of how the findings should be interpreted. Evidence from schema therapy across personality disorders provides context, but does not establish a unique NPD success rate. The underlying modality is explored in our schema therapy for personality disorders article.
Cognitive behavioral and emotion-focused approaches
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help identify rigid self-evaluations, assumptions about respect or rejection, perfectionistic standards, and habitual responses such as avoidance or anger. Behavioral experiments may test whether asking a question, admitting uncertainty, apologizing, or tolerating ordinary disagreement actually has the catastrophic interpersonal consequences a person anticipates. Treatment may also develop emotional regulation and problem-solving skills.
The Unified Protocol, which was compared with schema-focused therapy in the 2026 randomized trial, uses principles designed to address processes such as emotional avoidance and maladaptive reactions to distressing emotions across diagnostic presentations. It should be distinguished from a generic claim that any CBT protocol is proven effective for NPD. Clinical adaptation, outcome monitoring, and an individually appropriate formulation remain essential.
Supportive, integrative, and other psychodynamic therapies
A supportive or integrative therapy can establish safety, strengthen the working relationship, treat immediate difficulties, and support day-to-day functioning while exploring entrenched self–other patterns. Some clinicians combine psychodynamic understanding with skills for regulating anger, shame, or avoidance. Co-occurring depression or anxiety may need an established disorder-specific intervention alongside personality-focused work.
A therapist should describe how the combined plan is expected to help and which outcomes will be monitored. The absence of a branded treatment label does not make the care unhelpful; neither does a specialist label prove effectiveness. Clear structure, informed consent, and honest review of progress are more meaningful than an unsupported declaration that a modality can permanently eliminate narcissism.
What Happens in an NPD Treatment Plan?
Step 1: A collaborative clinical assessment
A skilled evaluation examines developmental and relationship history, current work and social functioning, emotional responses, coping strategies, earlier treatment experiences, possible traumatic exposure, and co-occurring psychiatric symptoms. It considers the person's own account over time, rather than assigning a diagnosis from another person's description or a single personality inventory. Structured interviews may be appropriate when diagnostic uncertainty is consequential. The general pathway is described in how personality disorders are clinically diagnosed.
Depression, bipolar disorder, substance-use disorders, trauma-related conditions, social anxiety, other personality disorders, and certain neurodevelopmental presentations may complicate the clinical picture. An assessment should distinguish episodic changes in mood or behavior from pervasive personality patterns, consider culture and context, and identify safety needs. Diagnostic clarification may continue as the clinician gets to know the person.
Step 2: Goals defined in ordinary life
Broad goals such as 'be less narcissistic' provide little guidance. Useful goals describe things a person can recognize and practice: remaining in a discussion without escalating or leaving abruptly, accepting feedback without prolonged shame or retaliation, taking responsibility after a conflict, identifying emotional states before acting, sustaining reciprocal friendships, recovering from setbacks at work, or expressing needs without demanding mind-reading.
A treatment plan can track both distress and functioning. Improvement may appear as greater flexibility, more stable engagement at work, less avoidance after criticism, less conflict, improved ability to repair relationships, and more tolerance for mixed feelings toward oneself and others. The patient and clinician should agree on the meaning and importance of these goals and revisit them regularly.
Step 3: A working alliance and consistent boundaries
The therapeutic relationship is a key part of care. Patients may feel misunderstood, judged, dependent, exposed, controlled, or alternately unusually pleased and disappointed with a clinician. Therapists also need to monitor their own reactions and maintain clear professional boundaries. The research and clinical literature describe alliance difficulties and premature treatment termination as relevant concerns, although reported dropout rates vary by sample and setting and are not reliable predictions for any individual. Weinberg and Ronningstam review these challenges, while Hersh discusses their implications for clinical practice.
An effective response is curiosity, accurate feedback, clear expectations, and collaborative repair after misunderstandings. Repeatedly abandoning treatment during conflict can interrupt progress, but a patient also has the right to question an approach, seek a second opinion, or change clinicians when care is unsuitable or unsafe. Respectful collaboration matters in both directions.
Step 4: Review, adjustment, and continuity
Periodic review asks which difficulties have changed, what still happens under stress, whether the person feels understood, and whether treatment has become repetitive without producing progress. Feedback may support adjustments in technique, frequency, focus, or coordination with other services. Progress is often uneven. A person can gain insight yet continue to struggle with relationships, or improve work functioning while intimate relationships remain difficult.
The published case studies document change over years in selected patients; they do not establish a mandatory treatment duration. A person's plan may include shorter work on an urgent problem, followed by longer personality-focused therapy when indicated. Decisions about frequency and duration should follow needs, access, clinical judgment, and measured response rather than an arbitrary promise of treatment within a fixed number of sessions.
Do Medications Treat Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
No medication has established effectiveness for changing the defining personality-functioning pattern of NPD, and no medication is approved specifically to cure NPD. Medication may nevertheless have an important role when a person has a co-occurring disorder, such as major depression, or when a clinician judges that a particular clinically significant symptom warrants pharmacologic treatment after a careful assessment. Prescribing decisions should be based on the actual target condition, expected benefits and harms, physical health considerations, interactions, and ongoing review.
A psychiatrist may treat depression, anxiety, sleep problems, bipolar disorder, psychotic symptoms, or substance-related complications according to the evidence for those conditions, when present. Such treatment is clinically meaningful but does not mean the medicine corrects NPD itself. Caligor and colleagues' clinical review and Hersh's discussion of psychiatric care describe why treatment planning and medication management should consider personality functioning without substituting medication for personality-focused psychotherapy.
Medication should not be started, stopped, combined, or dosed solely on information from an educational article. When an existing prescription is producing adverse effects or seems ineffective, the safest next step is an individualized discussion with the prescriber.
Common Obstacles and How Treatment Can Address Them
Shame, criticism, and protecting self-esteem
Many difficulties begin when a setback is experienced as a threat to the whole self rather than a specific disappointment. Therapy can explore the meaning of criticism, help separate behavior from personal worth, and build tolerance for realistic limitations. This requires pacing: harsh confrontation may intensify withdrawal or defensiveness, while persistent agreement can leave patterns unchanged. Progress depends on developing a workable way to examine painful experiences without humiliation.
Idealization, devaluation, and distrust
A clinician may initially be viewed as exceptionally helpful and later as disappointing or incompetent when an ordinary disagreement appears. This pattern should be understood in its context and addressed collaboratively when it arises, rather than turned into an accusation or proof of a diagnosis. In specialist approaches, changes in how a patient interprets the therapist's intentions become material for understanding other relationships. See the TFP-N clinical description.
Perfectionism, competitiveness, and unrealistic expectations
Some patients seek a rapid transformation, an exceptional therapist, or a guarantee of becoming fully confident. Others fear that needing help demonstrates failure. Therapy can set achievable goals, distinguish useful ambition from inflexible standards, and gradually build comfort with learning, error, dependence, and reciprocity. A practical indicator of progress is the capacity to make an imperfect choice and stay engaged when an outcome is disappointing.
Treatment dropout and limited progress
A missed appointment, temporary disengagement, or dissatisfaction can have many causes, including finances, access, scheduling, clinical mismatch, stigma, or emotional responses to therapy. The clinical literature documents retention challenges in selected NPD samples; these are population findings, not predictions about a particular person. Providers can respond with transparent discussion of goals, an agreed plan for ruptures, accessible scheduling, and regular review. Patients can ask what is changing and what alternatives might be appropriate if the current care has stalled. Weinberg and Ronningstam examine engagement and treatment-process problems in detail.
Co-Occurring Conditions and Safety
The immediate treatment priority may be major depression, severe anxiety, intoxication or withdrawal, acute mania, psychosis, self-harm risk, suicidal thinking, or threats of violence. These concerns require assessment on their own clinical merits. A diagnosis of NPD alone does not predict that a person will be violent, suicidal, abusive, or incapable of close relationships. Every safety decision should reflect actual symptoms, behavior, context, and individual risk.
When someone is at immediate risk of harming themselves or another person, local emergency services or an appropriate crisis service can provide urgent evaluation. In the United States, call or text 988 for a mental-health crisis; emergency services are appropriate for imminent danger. If risk is not immediate, clinicians can develop a personalized safety plan, coordinate co-occurring care, and support follow-up. The NPD clinical review emphasizes the need for individualized care and attention to clinical complexity.
Trauma history and adverse childhood experiences may be relevant for some people, but no single childhood event explains every case of NPD. Clinicians should ask about these experiences when appropriate while attending to temperament, relationships, cultural factors, social context, and other developmental pathways. Psychological explanations must not be used to excuse coercive or harmful actions.
Can NPD Improve or Go Into Remission?
Meaningful change is possible. Improvements can involve fewer diagnosable features, more stable self-esteem, greater capacity for empathy and reflection, improved relationships, and better occupational functioning. Remission of diagnostic criteria and functional recovery are related but distinct outcomes: losing enough symptoms to fall below a categorical threshold does not necessarily mean every difficulty has disappeared. Conversely, substantial improvements in daily life can matter even when some traits persist.
The eight-patient clinical case series provides examples of substantial recovery after long-term psychotherapy. Its purposive selection of patients who improved makes it unsuitable for calculating how often remission occurs in the general clinical population. The 2026 randomized comparison suggests treatment-related symptom improvement may be measurable over follow-up, while the critical response in the literature underscores unresolved questions about trial validity and generalizability. At present, there is no responsible universal percentage for how many people with NPD can be 'cured,' or a fixed timeline for every person.
Recovery is better understood as a multidimensional process evaluated across identity, self-direction, perspective-taking, intimacy, emotional stability, and participation in ordinary life. Longitudinal, independently replicated studies using diagnostic interviews, functional outcomes, and adverse-event monitoring are needed to strengthen estimates of treatment benefit.
How to Find a Qualified Therapist
A starting point is a licensed mental-health professional experienced with personality disorders and willing to explain their approach to NPD specifically. Ask about training, assessment, management of co-occurring conditions, crisis procedures, supervision or consultation, treatment goals, and how progress is reviewed. A clinician who offers careful assessment and can tolerate difficult conversations may be more suitable than one advertising a guaranteed quick cure.
During an initial consultation, useful questions include: 'How do you understand my difficulties?', 'What changes would we aim for?', 'What experience do you have treating NPD or complex personality difficulties?', 'How do we handle disagreements or a period when therapy feels unhelpful?', and 'How will we measure progress?'. You can request clarification about confidentiality, scheduling, fees, telehealth suitability, and referrals for additional psychiatric care.
Be cautious about providers who assign an NPD diagnosis without direct evaluation, rely on internet 'narcissist' checklists, promise to cure a personality disorder in a preset number of sessions, or describe all people with a diagnosis as dangerous or incapable of change. Sound clinical care combines professional accountability, collaborative decision-making, and a plan that can be adjusted in light of evidence and experience.
How Partners and Family Members Can Help
Loved ones can support treatment by encouraging professional assessment without making the diagnosis for someone else, communicating clearly, and being consistent about their own needs and boundaries. They can seek individual counseling when conflict, distress, or uncertainty is affecting their health. Joint sessions may sometimes be appropriate, but their safety and purpose should be evaluated carefully, especially when coercion, intimidation, or violence is present.
Support does not require tolerating abuse, financial exploitation, threats, or repeated violations of consent. A family member's role is to protect their own well-being and communicate realistically, while the individual receiving care remains responsible for participating in treatment and for their behavior. Clinical labels are less useful than describing concrete actions, harms, available choices, and appropriate support.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the most effective therapy for narcissistic personality disorder?
Research has not established one psychotherapy as the most effective option for everyone with NPD. Specialist approaches include transference-focused, mentalization-based, schema, and adapted cognitive or emotion-focused therapies. The comparative randomized evidence is recent and contested, so clinical experience, formulation, feasibility, therapeutic alliance, and outcome review guide individualized choices. The 2026 study and methodological critique should be considered together.
Is narcissistic personality disorder curable?
The word 'cure' suggests an all-or-nothing result that current studies cannot quantify. Some patients have improved sufficiently to no longer meet diagnostic criteria and to function better in relationships and work. Evidence for a reliable remission percentage or a universal treatment course remains limited. Weinberg and colleagues document examples rather than a population cure rate.
How long does treatment for NPD usually take?
There is no validated standard number of sessions. Treatment length depends on goals, severity and chronicity of impairment, motivation, clinical context, co-occurring conditions, and response. Selected case reports describe improvement over years; a shorter intervention can still help address specific depression, crisis, or functioning goals. A realistic plan includes scheduled reviews rather than a guaranteed timeline.
Can someone with NPD change if they do not think they have a problem?
Change is easier to work on when a person recognizes a difficulty and participates willingly. Some people initially seek care for anxiety, depression, loneliness, conflict, or occupational problems rather than for 'NPD.' Those concerns can form a legitimate starting point for treatment. Another person cannot force insight or guarantee change, and a formal diagnosis should never be inferred solely from a partner's account.
Does CBT work for narcissistic personality disorder?
CBT-informed work can target inflexible beliefs, emotional responses, avoidance, and interpersonal behavior. An adaptation called the Unified Protocol was studied in the 2026 NPD trial, but its findings remain preliminary and disputed. This does not establish every form of CBT as proven NPD treatment. Trial; published critique.
Is schema therapy better than psychodynamic therapy for NPD?
There is insufficient direct, high-quality comparative evidence to rank schema therapy above psychodynamic or transference-focused approaches for NPD. Different modalities have distinct clinical rationales and levels of direct research. The 2026 randomized trial compared schema-focused therapy with the Unified Protocol, not with TFP-N or every psychodynamic approach.
Can antidepressants, mood stabilizers, or antipsychotics treat NPD?
No medication has established NPD-specific efficacy. A clinician may prescribe a medicine for a separately assessed co-occurring disorder or carefully defined target symptom. Medication selection requires an individualized risk–benefit discussion and follow-up; the prescription should never be taken as evidence that personality pathology is itself being pharmacologically cured.
Can couples therapy fix a partner's narcissism?
Couples therapy can sometimes help two people address communication, accountability, and shared patterns when both can participate safely. It does not provide a substitute for individual diagnosis or NPD-focused care, and it is not automatically appropriate in coercive or dangerous relationships. Each person's safety, consent, and freedom to seek separate support come first.
Do grandiose and vulnerable narcissism require different treatments?
Grandiosity and vulnerability are useful descriptions of clinical presentations that can overlap or shift; they are not separate DSM-5-TR diagnoses. One 2026 trial reported different patterns of symptom change with two therapies, but methodological questions remain unresolved. Clinicians should respond to the individual's actual self-esteem, emotional regulation, and interpersonal difficulties rather than assign an intervention solely from a subtype label.
What if therapy is not helping?
A constructive first step is to describe what is still difficult and ask how progress is being evaluated. Review the formulation, goals, relationship with the clinician, practical barriers, and possible co-occurring conditions. Adjusting treatment or seeking a qualified second opinion may be appropriate. Ongoing therapy without observable movement toward agreed goals warrants thoughtful reassessment, not blame.
Related Articles
Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment — the clinical overview and parent article, covering diagnosis and presentation in depth.
Psychotherapy for Personality Disorders: Treatments and Evidence — broader treatment principles, distinguishing evidence across diagnoses.
Schema Therapy for Personality Disorders: Evidence and Practice — a closer examination of the modality and its evidence boundaries.
How Are Personality Disorders Diagnosed? The Clinical Assessment Process — what professional assessment involves and how diagnoses are distinguished.
Personality Disorders: Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment — the EN-13 central reference hub.
Are Medications Used for Personality Disorders? Clinical Guidance — when prescriptions help co-occurring symptoms and what medications cannot establish.
Treatment for Antisocial Personality Disorder: Approaches and Evidence — a comparison of a different diagnosis with its own limited treatment research.
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