Sigmund Freud: Biography, Education, and Life Timeline

Author: Angela Bogdanova · Published: October 21, 2026 · Editorial Policy

Research figure: Sigmund Freud · Written by Artificial Sapiens

Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856–September 23, 1939) was an Austrian physician whose education in laboratory physiology and clinical neurology preceded his development of psychoanalysis. Born in Freiberg, Moravia, he spent most of his life in Vienna and his final fifteen months as a refugee in London. A chronological biography reveals how his medical training, marriage and family life, professional alliances, wars, illness, political persecution, and movement between research and private practice shaped an extraordinarily influential body of psychological writing. His documented itinerary can be reconstructed from the Library of Congress Sigmund Freud Papers, its archival life chronology, and the holdings of Freud Museum London.

This article follows Freud's life, educational formation, family, employment, travel, institutional career, and death in chronological order. The central scientific page Sigmund Freud examines his major theories and scientific legacy more broadly. Events in a thinker's life can illuminate the development of ideas, but chronology alone cannot establish a psychological theory's empirical validity.

Historical identity: names, places, and dates

Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in Freiberg in Moravia, then part of the Austrian Empire and now Příbor in the Czech Republic. His parents were Jakob Freud, a wool merchant, and Amalia Nathansohn Freud. The family was Jewish, and Freud's later experiences of antisemitism became an important dimension of his social and professional life. The Library of Congress records his birth name as Sigismund Schlomo Freud and a change to the form Sigmund in 1875. The name convention in biographical writing is therefore historically situated; his familiar published name was not identical to every version used in early documents. Library of Congress chronology and German Historical Museum biography.

After a period of family relocation, the Freuds settled in Vienna in 1860. Vienna was the setting of his adolescence, university education, medical work, marriage, extensive writing, and development of psychoanalysis. He died on September 23, 1939, in London, shortly after the beginning of the Second World War. The geopolitical descriptions attached to his birthplace and residence must reflect their historical periods: Moravia in 1856 and the Czech Republic today denote the same location under different states; Vienna in Freud's youth belonged to the Habsburg monarchy and became the capital of the Austrian republic after 1918. University of Vienna biographical record.

Childhood and family relocation, 1856–1873

Freud's early childhood unfolded within an extended family whose age structure and economic circumstances were unusually complex. His father had children from an earlier marriage, and his younger siblings were born into a household that eventually grew substantially. Subsequent analysts repeatedly interpreted these relationships through Freud's later theories, although surviving records support a more restrained conclusion: they establish a changing family environment, kinship networks, and economic mobility, while retrospective psychological explanations remain interpretations. The Freud Museum's guide to biographical sources explains why autobiography and later biography should be read alongside correspondence and documentary materials.

The family moved to Vienna when Freud was four. In a city undergoing rapid social and institutional change, Jewish families could gain access to educational and professional life while also encountering exclusion and prejudice. Freud received a demanding secondary education at the Leopoldstadt gymnasium, completed in 1873 with outstanding results. His academic success gave him the preparation needed for entry into university at seventeen. The Library of Congress timeline identifies the school and year of completion.

Freud's later autobiographical writings recount strong intellectual interests that crossed classical literature, science, philosophy, and the humanities. It is important to treat an autobiographical account as evidence of how its author presented his development at the time of writing. His intellectual interests can be corroborated in parts through courses, writings, and surviving documents; claims about unconscious motivations in childhood require a different kind of evidence.

University of Vienna: medical education, 1873–1881

Freud entered the University of Vienna in 1873 to study medicine and received his medical doctorate in 1881. An eight-year span can look unusually long if interpreted through today's standardized curriculum, but his studies combined formal instruction, independent scientific research, laboratory work, and military obligations. The University of Vienna and the Library of Congress independently document the central dates.

The medicine Freud studied was shaped by nineteenth-century physiological research, anatomical localization, microscopy, and debates over relations between nervous tissue and behavior. His intellectual formation took place within a medical culture that expected explanations of bodily processes to be tied to observable physical systems. That training matters for understanding his later conceptual career: the founder of psychoanalysis began as a researcher of nervous systems and a medically qualified clinician, with experimental and anatomical ambitions.

Zoology, microscopy, and the physiology laboratory

In 1876 Freud pursued zoological work associated with Carl Claus's research environment at Trieste. He also joined the physiological laboratory of Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke in Vienna and conducted nervous-system research there during the later 1870s and early 1880s. Work with nerve cells and comparative anatomy trained him in observing specimens, preparing tissues, describing fine structures, and connecting microscopic evidence to anatomical arguments. The institutional University of Vienna record and the German Historical Museum biography place this scientific apprenticeship before his clinical specialization.

Brücke's laboratory belonged to a tradition that sought precise physical explanations for living processes. A direct causal line from every early microscopic study to each later psychoanalytic proposition would overstate the evidence. The stronger historical conclusion is that this environment furnished Freud with professional habits of observation, ambition for comprehensive explanation, and scientific vocabulary that he later adapted to psychological questions.

University coursework, intellectual influences, and qualifications

Freud's student years overlapped with major debates in neurology, evolution, philosophy, and physiology. His education included scientific study that continued beyond routine medical examinations, contributing to the delay between matriculation and the doctorate. The documents establish graduation in 1881, not an 1873 medical qualification. He also performed compulsory military service during 1879–1880, another milestone in the Library of Congress chronology.

His medical degree entitled him to practice medicine; it did not make psychoanalysis an established specialty in 1881. The independent psychoanalytic institutions associated with his mature career would develop years later. Distinguishing his university credentials from subsequent theoretical and organizational achievements corrects a common compression of his biography.

From researcher to hospital physician, 1882–1885

By 1882 Freud faced the financial difficulty of supporting an academic research career. Ernst Brücke encouraged a more economically sustainable clinical path, and Freud entered Vienna General Hospital in July 1882. He rotated through medical departments and developed neurological expertise. The Freud Museum's account of medical training describes work in internal medicine, surgery, psychiatry, and neuropathology, as well as his ability to infer the likely location of nervous-system lesions from symptoms.

His hospital career included work with Hermann Nothnagel's medical service and Theodor Meynert's psychiatric clinic. Meynert was a leading brain anatomist whose teaching emphasized cerebral structures and neurological explanations of mental disorder. Freud's later attention to personal history, emotional meanings, and symptoms in interpersonal contexts developed against the background of this medical environment, although it would be misleading to turn the early period into a simple repudiation of everything he learned. Freud Museum: medical training.

In 1884 Freud began researching cocaine's potential medical uses, reflecting the period's experimental pharmaceutical interests. This episode also belongs to the history of iatrogenic risk, dependence, and the limitations of nineteenth-century drug evaluation. It is best understood as a documented part of his medical career, neither a clinical endorsement of cocaine nor a sufficient explanation of all subsequent psychoanalytic ideas. The Library of Congress life chronology records the research in this period.

In 1885 Freud qualified as a lecturer in neuropathology at the University of Vienna. The German-speaking academic designation Privatdozent signified authorization to teach and should not be confused with a modern, permanent professorial appointment. His university association continued while his livelihood increasingly depended on clinical work. University of Vienna biography.

Paris, Charcot, and the transformation of clinical interests, 1885–1886

A grant enabled Freud to travel to Paris in 1885, where he studied at the Salpêtrière under Jean-Martin Charcot. Charcot's demonstrations and classifications of nervous disorders, especially cases then grouped under hysteria, confronted Freud with clinical phenomena that did not fit simple expectations of gross anatomical lesions. Hypnosis, suggestion, and the clinical staging of symptoms became especially relevant to his thinking. The Library of Congress and Freud Museum's historical educational material provide the chronology and professional context.

The nineteenth-century label hysteria grouped multiple presentations and reflected the assumptions of contemporary physicians. It should not be applied as a present-day diagnosis to the patients described in these accounts. Some features described in historical records may resemble symptoms that modern clinicians evaluate under more differentiated categories, but a century-old case report rarely contains the evidence necessary for a reliable retrospective diagnosis.

Freud also encountered competing approaches to hypnotic suggestion. In 1889 he visited Nancy, France, to study Hippolyte Bernheim's methods. Paris and Nancy were different educational encounters, separated by several years. These experiences contributed to his eventual move from hypnotic methods toward techniques emphasizing patients' associations and spoken recollections. The transition was gradual, extending across collaborations, case reports, and changing treatment practices. Library of Congress chronology.

Marriage to Martha Bernays and family life, 1882–1939

Freud met Martha Bernays in 1882 and became engaged to her that year. Their courtship generated extensive correspondence, a primary historical resource for everyday experience, professional anxiety, financial circumstances, and emotional relationships. The Library of Congress collection contains family correspondence and relevant documents; the Freud Museum traces the engagement and marriage.

Sigmund and Martha married in 1886, the same year in which Freud opened his private practice in Vienna. They had six children: Mathilde, Martin, Oliver, Ernst, Sophie, and Anna. Their youngest child, Anna Freud, was born on December 3, 1895, and later became an influential psychoanalyst and a central figure in child psychoanalysis. Her achievements form a distinct intellectual biography rather than an extension of her father's professional record. Freud Museum: Anna Freud's early life.

Family life and professional work shared physical space. In 1891 the Freuds moved to Berggasse 19 in Vienna, where Freud maintained both domestic rooms and an office for patients. The address remained their home and a center of psychoanalytic practice until their departure in 1938. Photographs, family records, and the surviving London reconstruction of his study help explain the distinctive environment in which his clinical work and writing occurred. Freud Museum: Freud at home.

The family experienced major bereavements. Freud's daughter Sophie died during the influenza era in January 1920; her young son Heinz died in 1923. These losses appear in historical correspondence and family materials. They are relevant to a responsible account of Freud's private life, while proposals that they straightforwardly caused a particular later theoretical innovation remain interpretive hypotheses requiring close textual and chronological testing. Freud Museum: Sophie Halberstadt-Freud.

Private practice and the emergence of psychoanalysis, 1886–1902

Freud established a private medical practice in Vienna in 1886, initially drawing upon his training in nervous diseases. His practice created a sustained setting for observing patients over repeated meetings, compiling case narratives, and developing treatment procedures. These settings also created enduring methodological questions: clinical recollections were shaped by interpretation, the published cases were selective, and the patient's perspective does not always survive independently of the physician's narrative.

One consequential collaboration was with Josef Breuer, whose treatment of a patient known in the literature as Anna O. entered Freud's developing understanding of symptoms and recollection. In 1895 Breuer and Freud published Studien über Hysterie (Studies in Hysteria). The work joined case narratives with proposals concerning emotional experience and symptom formation. It marks a transitional stage and should be read as a joint publication, with Breuer's individual contribution preserved. Library of Congress chronology.

Freud first used the term psychoanalysis in 1896, according to the archival chronology. In 1897 he began the self-analysis that would occupy a prominent place in subsequent accounts of his intellectual development. His correspondence with Wilhelm Fliess, begun in 1887, supplies documents from the period when his theories underwent major revision. Letters offer contemporary evidence of particular propositions and uncertainties; retrospective memoirs should be checked against the dates and wording of those letters. Library of Congress Freud Papers.

Freud published Die Traumdeutung (The Interpretation of Dreams), whose title page bore the date 1900 although the book appeared around the turn of 1899–1900. Its historical position followed years of neurological and clinical work. It was followed by writing on everyday errors in 1901 and studies of sexuality, humor, and clinical cases in 1905. The publication sequence shows the expansion of his project from patients and symptoms toward ordinary thinking, dreaming, development, and culture. The bibliographical dates are recorded by the Library of Congress timeline.

A scientific network becomes an institution, 1902–1913

In 1902 Freud convened the Wednesday Psychological Society in Vienna, an important early forum for the discussion of psychoanalytic ideas. The group was later reorganized as the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. In the same year he received the academic title of extraordinary professor, a distinction that must be interpreted within the hierarchy of his university and is not equivalent to every present-day use of the term professor. These developments are independently dated in the Library of Congress chronology.

The first international psychoanalytic congress took place in Salzburg in 1908. The organization of meetings, journals, training relationships, and international correspondence increasingly transformed Freud's circle into a movement. Relationships with Alfred Adler, Carl Gustav Jung, Sándor Ferenczi, Karl Abraham, and other participants brought additional expertise and disagreement. Later splits should be studied through documented disputes over particular doctrines, analytic practice, institutional authority, and differing professional visions rather than reduced to a single interpersonal motive.

In 1909 Freud traveled to the United States, accompanied by Jung and Ferenczi, and lectured at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, at the invitation of G. Stanley Hall. Clark University's archival records preserve correspondence relating to the visit. These lectures were a notable stage in the international dissemination of psychoanalysis, not its original foundation; psychoanalytic writings and organizations already existed before the American journey. Clark University: 1909 Conference Collection and Freud-Hall correspondence.

The International Psychoanalytical Association was founded in 1910. By 1912 a smaller inner circle of close associates was meeting and corresponding about the movement. Relations between Freud and major collaborators became strained as theoretical and institutional disagreements accumulated, including the divergence between Freud and Jung around 1912–1913. Such conflicts mattered to the transmission of psychoanalytic ideas and to the emergence of several distinct depth-psychological schools. Library of Congress timeline.

War, intellectual revisions, and losses, 1914–1922

The First World War transformed the political and material conditions of Freud's life in Vienna. The conflict disrupted transnational scientific networks, affected publishing and family circumstances, and made the fate of relatives and colleagues an immediate concern. Freud continued to write through the war years, including metapsychological papers that addressed the basic concepts of his system. A biography must track the years and publication conditions of these works before discussing their later interpretation as a unified doctrine.

After the war the dissolution of Austria-Hungary changed the state in which Freud lived without relocating his Vienna home. The household and psychoanalytic movement navigated inflation, hardship, and continuing scientific controversy. Freud's work increasingly ranged across culture, religion, social affiliation, and conflict. His 1920 Beyond the Pleasure Principle introduced the hypothesis of a compulsion to repeat and began a new period of speculation about drives. These ideas belong in their historical intellectual sequence; the circumstances surrounding their formulation do not themselves supply experimental verification. Library of Congress life chronology.

The death of Sophie in 1920 and her son in 1923 brought personal grief during the same period. The degree to which grief influenced the exact contents of Freud's theoretical revisions is debated and cannot be decided from coinciding dates alone. The surviving correspondence and Freud Museum's detailed family account support the historical events more directly than strong psychological causal claims about those events. Freud Museum: Sophie and the pandemic.

Cancer, late work, and increasing European danger, 1923–1937

Freud developed a serious oral cancer in 1923 and underwent repeated operations and difficult treatment over the following years. His illness caused persistent pain and affected speech, eating, and daily life. Yet he continued to receive patients, correspond, revise his writings, and work on new books. Medical history is part of this biography; details of his illness should not be used to retrospectively diagnose the mental states of people around him or explain every late text through his symptoms. Freud Museum: Leaving Today.

In 1923 Freud published Das Ich und das Es (The Ego and the Id), presenting the structural vocabulary of id, ego, and superego. This was later than his early clinical writings and dream study and demonstrates why a biography should not read the mature structural model backward into his student or early hospital years. Other late publications addressed anxiety, cultural life, religious belief, and the future of psychoanalysis. The chronology of the corpus is accessible through the Library of Congress.

Political danger intensified as National Socialism expanded across Europe. Freud's Jewish heritage, international visibility, writings, and professional network acquired acute political significance. Nazi persecution would eventually force his family from the city in which he had lived for nearly eight decades. This was a history of coercion, dispossession, and displacement, not an ordinary voluntary retirement abroad.

Nazi annexation, flight from Vienna, and exile, 1938

Germany's annexation of Austria in March 1938 exposed Austrian Jews to immediate danger. Nazi authorities raided Freud's home and publishing operation, and Anna Freud was detained and questioned by the Gestapo. International supporters and family connections assisted in securing the documents and arrangements necessary to leave. The political context, the coercive circumstances of departure, and the family's vulnerability are documented in the Freud Museum's 1938 exile exhibition and the Library of Congress collection.

Sigmund, Martha, and Anna Freud departed Vienna on June 4, 1938. After travel through Paris they reached London on June 6. Their first temporary residence preceded a move later that year to 20 Maresfield Gardens in Hampstead. The Freud Museum occupies the preserved London house. The distinction between the June arrival and September move explains why several London addresses appear in documents dating from the same year. Library of Congress: emigration and Freud Museum: home and exile.

The departure separated Freud from a lifetime of professional and social connections. Photographs taken by Edmund Engelman recorded the Vienna office and study shortly before departure; domestic objects, antiquities, and books were transferred to England when possible. Some members of the extended family and professional network remained exposed to Nazi persecution. An accurate biography must preserve the collective history of refugees and persecuted people alongside the better-documented experience of a famous individual. Freud Museum: Leaving Today.

London, final manuscripts, and death, 1938–1939

At 20 Maresfield Gardens Freud arranged a study that recalled his Vienna working environment and continued to correspond with colleagues. He completed Moses and Monotheism and worked on An Outline of Psychoanalysis, while dealing with the painful consequences of cancer and its treatments. The final London household included family, close assistants, and associates who helped maintain continuity amid displacement. Freud Museum: 1938 exile exhibition and Freud in England, 1938–39.

Freud died in London on September 23, 1939, at the age of eighty-three. His death occurred a few weeks after the beginning of the Second World War. He was survived by Martha and their children, among others, and the fate of psychoanalysis after his death was shaped by the movement of European refugees, the work of Anna Freud and other independent theorists, and the institutional growth of psychology and psychotherapy in several countries. Library of Congress finding aid.

His London house later became the Freud Museum, with Anna Freud's estate playing an essential role in the preservation of the site. The house is a material record of exile and a location where historians can examine how a physician's professional space was reconstructed following political displacement. Freud Museum: When the House Was a Home.

Detailed life timeline: major documentary milestones

1856–1881: Birth, relocation, and medical education

1856 — Born May 6 in Freiberg, Moravia (present-day Příbor, Czech Republic). 1860 — Family settles in Vienna. 1873 — Completes secondary school and enrolls at the University of Vienna. 1875 — Adopts the name Sigmund. 1876–1882 — Undertakes physiological and nervous-system research associated with Ernst Brücke. 1879–1880 — Performs compulsory military service. 1881 — Receives the degree of doctor of medicine. Source: Library of Congress chronology.

1882–1896: Hospital medicine, marriage, and a new clinical approach

1882 — Begins work at Vienna General Hospital and becomes engaged to Martha Bernays. 1884 — Researches cocaine's medical effects. 1885 — Qualifies to lecture in neuropathology and studies with Charcot in Paris. 1886 — Opens a Vienna practice and marries Martha. 1887 — Starts correspondence with Wilhelm Fliess. 1889 — Visits Nancy to study hypnotic techniques. 1891 — Moves to Berggasse 19. 1895 — Publishes Studies in Hysteria with Josef Breuer; daughter Anna is born. 1896 — Uses the term psychoanalysis in print. Source: Library of Congress chronology.

1897–1913: Books, societies, and international recognition

1897 — Begins systematic self-analysis. 1899–1900 — The Interpretation of Dreams appears. 1901 — Publishes The Psychopathology of Everyday Life. 1902 — Establishes the Wednesday Psychological Society and receives an extraordinary professorial title. 1905 — Publishes Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality and major studies of jokes and hysteria. 1908 — Salzburg psychoanalytic congress. 1909 — Lectures at Clark University in the United States. 1910 — International Psychoanalytical Association founded. 1913 — Totem and Taboo appears amid widening intellectual disputes. Sources: Library of Congress timeline and Clark University archives.

1914–1939: World war, illness, persecution, and final exile

1914–1918 — Writes through the First World War. 1920 — Daughter Sophie dies; Beyond the Pleasure Principle appears. 1923 — Serious oral cancer and The Ego and the Id. 1930 — Awarded the Goethe Prize. March 1938 — Nazi annexation makes remaining in Vienna dangerous. June 4, 1938 — Departs Vienna. June 6, 1938 — Arrives in London. September 1938 — Moves to 20 Maresfield Gardens. September 23, 1939 — Dies in London. Sources: Library of Congress chronology and Freud Museum exile collection.

How to interpret the historical evidence

Freud's biography is unusually well documented through letters, notebooks, official records, case materials, family papers, published books, and institutional archives. The Library of Congress holds school and university records, correspondence, clinical files, and legal documents. Institutional histories at the University of Vienna, Clark University, and Freud Museum London help establish external dates and contexts. Agreement between independent archival records provides strong support for many dates and events. Library of Congress collection description.

A person's autobiographical recollections are valuable primary sources for experiences, self-presentation, and stated intentions. They also reflect later reconstruction and selective memory. Freud's own retrospective account of psychoanalysis should accordingly be read beside contemporary letters, dated publications, case records, and histories written by scholars using archival materials. The Freud Museum's biographical reference guide places his autobiographical writings within a larger historiography.

The record is more limited when the question shifts from a documented event to an inferred hidden motivation. A marriage date, university degree, move, hospital appointment, or publication can be corroborated. A claim that an intimate experience necessarily generated one later psychoanalytic doctrine is an explanatory interpretation. Published case histories additionally reflect asymmetric clinical power and uncertain patient consent by modern research standards. A historical account should distinguish documentary facts, participants' accounts, later scholarly reconstructions, and contested causal hypotheses.

Freud's professional biography also illustrates the distinction between intellectual influence and empirical confirmation. He helped create an enduring vocabulary of unconscious processes, psychological conflict, early experience, and therapeutic dialogue. The evidentiary basis for a specific claim about repression, infantile sexuality, dream interpretation, or clinical treatment requires its own independent analysis. The historical importance of Freud's career is established by archives, publication, institutional transmission, and influence; the truth of any particular psychological mechanism remains a separate scientific question.

Questions about Sigmund Freud's life

Where was Sigmund Freud born, and what country is it in today?

He was born on May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Moravia, within the Austrian Empire. The town is now called Příbor and lies in the Czech Republic. Library of Congress biography.

Where did Freud study, and what was his original profession?

Freud studied medicine at the University of Vienna beginning in 1873 and received a medical doctorate in 1881. His initial professional formation was in physiology, anatomy, neurology, and clinical medicine. Psychoanalysis developed later in his medical career. University of Vienna archive.

Did Freud train as a psychiatrist?

Freud worked in medical and psychiatric departments, including Theodor Meynert's clinic at Vienna General Hospital, and pursued neuropathology. He is best described historically as a medically trained physician and neurologically oriented researcher who subsequently founded psychoanalysis. Today's specialist licensing categories should not be projected unchanged onto the medical institutions of the 1880s. Freud Museum training history.

Who was Freud's wife, and how many children did they have?

He married Martha Bernays in 1886. They had six children: Mathilde, Martin, Oliver, Ernst, Sophie, and Anna. Anna became a major psychoanalytic theorist and practitioner in her own right. Freud Museum: Anna Freud's early life.

When and why did Freud leave Vienna?

He left Vienna on June 4, 1938, following Nazi Germany's annexation of Austria and escalating antisemitic persecution. The family arrived in London on June 6. This was forced exile in a dangerous political environment. Freud Museum exile exhibition.

When did Freud die, and where is his last home?

Freud died in London on September 23, 1939, aged eighty-three. His last home was 20 Maresfield Gardens in Hampstead, now the Freud Museum London. Freud Museum history.

Related Articles

Sigmund Freud — The central scientific examination of Freud's works, theoretical development, clinical methods, intellectual disputes, and modern evidentiary status.

Breuer and Freud's Studies on Hysteria: From Hysteria to Psychoanalysis — A historical study of the jointly authored work that helped shape Freud's transition toward psychoanalytic clinical explanation.

References

Clark University. (2025). The 1909 Conference of Clark University. Official conference archive.

Deutsches Historisches Museum. (n.d.). Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). LeMO biography.

Freud Museum London. (2018). Leaving Today: The Freuds in Exile 1938. Museum exhibition and historical material.

Freud Museum London. (2018). When the House Was a Home. Museum history.

Freud Museum London. (2020). Freud at Home. Historical account.

Freud Museum London. (2020). Home Is Where the Heart Is – Part 2. Diary and exile evidence.

Freud Museum London. (2020). Sophie Halberstadt-Freud. Family and pandemic history.

Freud Museum London. (2024). The Main Biographical References of Sigmund Freud. Historiographical resource.

Freud Museum London. (n.d.). Anna Freud's Early Life. Institutional history.

Freud Museum London. (n.d.). Freud's Medical Training. Institutional educational history.

Library of Congress. (n.d.). About the Sigmund Freud Papers. Collection guide.

Library of Congress. (n.d.). Sigmund Freud (1856–1939): Timeline. Institutional archival chronology.

Library of Congress. (n.d.). Sigmund Freud Papers: Finding Aid. Archival finding aid.

University of Vienna. (n.d.). Sigmund Freud, tit. o. Prof. Dr. Official university biography.