Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Care
Updated: 3 days ago
Author: Ukrainian Psychological Hub · Published: October 12, 2026 · Editorial Policy
Schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) is a recognized mental health diagnosis involving a long-standing pattern of difficulty developing close relationships, unusual interpretations of events or perceptions, and distinctive thinking, communication, or behavior. Its clinical importance comes from the combined pattern, its persistence, and its effects on daily life. An unusual belief, solitary lifestyle, or unconventional appearance alone does not establish the disorder. The American Psychiatric Association describes schizotypal personality disorder as part of the schizophrenia spectrum while distinguishing it from schizophrenia.
In the United States, DSM-5-TR uses the name schizotypal personality disorder. The World Health Organization's ICD-11 uses schizotypal disorder (6A22) and places it among schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders. These are differences in classification, not evidence that every person with schizotypal features has schizophrenia. The WHO's 2024 clinical diagnostic manual provides the international framework. This article explains the symptoms, clinical evaluation, differential diagnosis, evidence on care, and what living with these difficulties can mean.
What Is Schizotypal Personality Disorder?
Schizotypal personality disorder describes an enduring interpersonal and cognitive-perceptual pattern that tends to emerge by adolescence or early adulthood and can affect relationships, work, education, and the person's interpretation of social experiences. Someone may want connection but find other people unpredictable or threatening; another may have limited interest in intimacy and become absorbed in unusual ideas or experiences. Clinical presentations vary substantially. Diagnosis depends on the whole developmental and functional history, rather than on a single striking example.
Schizotypal traits exist on dimensions in the general population. Researchers use the word schizotypy for related characteristics and experiences, including cognitive-perceptual, interpersonal, and disorganization dimensions. A high score on a schizotypy questionnaire describes responses to items; it does not establish a psychiatric disorder. A clinical diagnosis requires appropriate criteria, impairment or distress, contextual assessment, and exclusion of better explanations. This dimensional distinction is emphasized in research on schizotypal diagnostic questionnaires.
Symptoms and Common Clinical Patterns
The DSM-5-TR categorical framework describes nine symptom domains, of which at least five must be present within a pervasive pattern of social/interpersonal difficulties and cognitive-perceptual peculiarities. The criterion count is only one component of clinical assessment: timing, flexibility, cultural context, functional impact, and competing explanations also matter. The following descriptions paraphrase the diagnostic domains rather than supplying an at-home diagnostic checklist; see the APA clinical overview and schizotypal diagnostic research.
Ideas of reference
Neutral occurrences can seem unusually directed at the individual: strangers' conversations may feel personally significant, or a television segment may seem to contain a private message. In schizotypal presentations these interpretations may remain open to doubt and differ in conviction from fixed delusions. Ordinary coincidence detection and periods of social self-consciousness are widespread, so clinicians examine frequency, conviction, distress, and behavior. The English Hub's dedicated article on ideas of reference and delusions of reference explains this distinction.
Unusual beliefs and magical thinking
Some people attribute an unusual degree of causal power to intuitions, signs, or supernatural explanations, and these interpretations influence decisions or interpersonal relationships. Spiritual and religious practices are understood within their cultural setting: endorsing a belief shared by one's community is not automatically a clinical symptom. Clinicians ask how the belief operates in daily life, whether it is culturally situated, how firmly it is held, and whether other symptoms or impairment accompany it.
Unusual perceptual experiences
Experiences such as fleeting sensed presences, altered body sensations, or brief misperceptions may occur. Such descriptions require careful inquiry because sleep loss, migraine, anxiety, medications, intoxicants, neurological disorders, and sensory impairment can produce superficially similar events. Clinicians distinguish transient and ambiguous experiences from sustained hallucinations, evaluate reality testing, and consider whether an acute medical or psychiatric assessment is indicated.
Unusual thinking or speech
Conversation may become vague, unusually metaphorical, highly elaborate, tangential, or difficult for another person to follow. The key question is whether communication difficulties are enduring, clinically meaningful, and connected to the broader presentation. Accent, multilingual expression, intellectual interests, creative language, and culturally distinctive discourse are not diagnostic signs. Marked new disorganization warrants investigation for psychosis, intoxication, neurological conditions, and other causes.
Suspiciousness and interpersonal distrust
A person may frequently read hidden motives into ordinary interactions or anticipate exploitation without adequate evidence. This can make work, relationships, and treatment engagement stressful. The clinician explores the individual's safety history and actual circumstances as well as the degree of unwarranted suspicion. Experiences of discrimination, abuse, or real danger require an accurate contextual response, not automatic pathologization.
Constricted or contextually unusual emotional expression
Facial expression, tone, or emotional responsiveness may appear limited or out of step with the setting. Outward expression is not a complete measure of internal feeling. Depression, medication effects, neurodevelopmental differences, culture, and individual expressive style can influence how emotion appears to an observer.
Distinctive appearance or behavior
Unusual clothing, gestures, routines, or mannerisms may be evident alongside the larger schizotypal pattern. Fashion, artistic experimentation, religious custom, gender expression, and unconventional interests are insufficient grounds for diagnosis. Clinical importance depends on persistence, social context, associated experiences, and effects on functioning.
Few close relationships
Some individuals have few close friendships outside immediate family and find reciprocal intimacy difficult to build or maintain. Reasons can include suspiciousness, misreading social signals, intense anxiety, diminished social confidence, or a preference for distance. A person's number of friends is not a diagnostic threshold, and chosen solitude can be fully compatible with psychological well-being.
Persistent social anxiety associated with mistrust
Social anxiety may remain high even after repeated contact, particularly when it reflects worry about other people's intentions rather than fear of embarrassment alone. This can resemble social anxiety disorder or avoidant personality disorder. A clinical interview explores the feared outcome, what happens when familiarity grows, and the presence or absence of perceptual and cognitive features.
How the Diagnostic Systems Differ: DSM-5-TR and ICD-11
DSM-5-TR: a named personality disorder
The DSM-5-TR retains schizotypal personality disorder as a specific diagnosis and historically associates it with Cluster A, along with paranoid and schizoid personality disorders. Cluster A is a grouping of DSM categories rather than a separate illness or a personality type that can be inferred from an online test. The diagnostic decision calls for a pervasive, enduring pattern with clinically significant consequences and careful exclusions. Although the condition is addressed under personality disorders, its schizophrenia-spectrum relationship is explicit in DSM descriptions and psychiatric research.
The DSM-5 alternative model
The DSM-5 alternative model for personality disorders, retained in Section III, examines impairment in personality functioning and maladaptive personality traits. In schizotypal presentations it can illuminate disturbances in identity, self-direction, empathy, and intimacy, together with trait features such as psychoticism and detachment. These domains help clinicians formulate what a person is struggling with: uncertainty about self-experience, hard-to-read interpersonal situations, limited relational closeness, or unusual cognitive-perceptual experiences. The model is an alternative framework and should not be confused with the DSM-5-TR's standard categorical criteria. See the peer-reviewed comparison of DSM and ICD models.
ICD-11: schizotypal disorder (6A22)
ICD-11 locates schizotypal disorder within schizophrenia or other primary psychotic disorders, separately from its general severity-based personality disorder framework. The WHO explains that unusual experiences and behavior must be assessed for distress or impairment and differentiated from eccentricity or culturally accepted beliefs. The disorder may be persistent with fluctuating intensity, yet its presence does not imply that schizophrenia must develop. The WHO ICD-11 Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Requirements is the relevant classification reference. Consequently, it is inaccurate to treat an ICD-11 personality-severity diagnosis as a direct name-for-name substitute for DSM schizotypal personality disorder.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder vs Schizophrenia
The central differential is between a long-standing pattern of attenuated or unusual cognition, perception, social experience, and behavior, and a psychotic illness that fulfills its own diagnostic requirements. Schizophrenia can involve sustained delusions or hallucinations, markedly disorganized speech or behavior, negative symptoms, and a defined course of illness. People with schizotypal personality disorder often retain greater capacity to question unusual impressions; the exact boundary must be evaluated clinically. The APA notes that progression to frank psychosis is uncommon in many clinical descriptions.
The disorders share some familial and genetic liability, but an individual prognosis cannot be inferred from that association. A 2024 Swedish register study of 2,292 individuals recorded with an ICD-10 schizotypal diagnosis found that 14.6% later received a first schizophrenia diagnosis during an average 8.7 years of follow-up. This number is specific to a diagnosed registry cohort, healthcare practices, follow-up period, and historical coding; it is not the personal probability for someone with a few schizotypal traits. The study also identified comorbidity and substantial differences in risk between individuals. For the broader diagnostic framework, see Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Types, Differences, and Clinical Diagnosis.
What Else Can Look Similar? Differential Diagnosis
Schizoid personality disorder and avoidant personality disorder
Schizoid personality presentations prominently concern distance from close relationships and restricted expression, without the distinctive cognitive-perceptual symptom pattern required for schizotypal personality disorder. Avoidant personality disorder centers on inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and heightened sensitivity to rejection. In schizotypal disorder, interpersonal distance can be linked to suspicious interpretations, unusual experiences, and anxiety that persists despite familiarity. Overlap is possible; the distinction depends on what generates social difficulties and which other features are present.
For a dedicated clinical profile and the differential diagnosis of interpersonal detachment, see Schizoid Personality Disorder: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Care.
Autism and other neurodevelopmental conditions
Autism may involve lifelong differences in social communication, sensory experience, preferred routines, and relationship patterns. These can be misread as oddness or emotional distance. The clinician examines early developmental history, communication profile, restricted or repetitive features, unusual beliefs, suspiciousness, and any change from baseline. Autism and schizotypal features may coexist, and one diagnosis does not automatically invalidate the other. A more extensive cross-cluster discussion is available in Personality Disorders and Autism: Diagnostic Overlap and Differences.
Social anxiety, trauma, depression, and other conditions
Social anxiety disorder can explain avoidance driven primarily by fear of negative evaluation, while trauma-related hypervigilance may be grounded in previous threat. Depression can reduce social activity and emotional expression. Bipolar or depressive episodes with psychotic features are defined in part by their episodic mood relationship, unlike an enduring schizotypal pattern. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms may include unusual-sounding fears but often have recognizable intrusive, unwanted thoughts and compulsions. Substance use, sleep deprivation, and medical conditions can create altered experiences or suspiciousness. Co-occurrence is common, and assessment considers multiple explanations rather than forcing all experiences into one label.
Schizotypy, eccentricity, and psychosis-risk states
Schizotypy is a research construct describing trait variation; it does not equal a diagnosed disorder. Clinical high-risk states for psychosis are evaluated using their own prospective symptom and change criteria. A chronic schizotypal pattern should not be casually redefined as a prodrome or an inevitable pathway to schizophrenia. The 2026 GRADE systematic review underlines the need to study treatment and functioning in schizotypal disorder as legitimate outcomes in their own right.
Causes and Development: What Research Supports
There is no single established cause. Family and genetic studies support partial shared liability with schizophrenia-spectrum conditions and with other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric presentations. The Kendler and colleagues 2024 register analysis identified elevated family genetic risk scores for schizophrenia, autism, depression, and ADHD among people with recorded schizotypal diagnoses. These are population associations, not genetic diagnostic tests and not deterministic predictions.
Developmental temperament, cognition, exposure to adversity, social learning, migration-related context, substance exposure, and interpersonal experiences may contribute to how vulnerabilities become expressed. Evidence varies in quality and does not justify attributing the condition to a particular parenting style, childhood event, or family member. Clinicians also ask whether difficulties began gradually, have remained relatively stable, or represent a new decline that could point to another condition. A longitudinal account is more informative than a list of isolated traits.
How Clinicians Diagnose Schizotypal Personality Disorder
A comprehensive interview, not a single test
Diagnosis usually requires a trained mental health clinician to interview the person about the history of social relationships, anxiety, interpretation of events, perception, communication, functioning, and symptom change. With permission, additional information from family, school, or prior treatment records may clarify early development and course. Clinicians evaluate distress and impairment; interview for depression, suicidality, substance use, mood episodes, trauma, psychosis, and other relevant conditions; and consider medical or medication-related causes where indicated. A psychiatric evaluation may include physical or neurological examination and targeted tests when symptoms warrant them.
Structured personality interviews can improve consistency and documentation, and specialized tools may assess schizotypal features. A 2018 systematic review considered the SCID-II and SIDP family of diagnostic interviews, together with the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire and other screening measures. Instruments have specific versions, validation samples, and limitations; an established tool does not relieve the clinician of the responsibility to evaluate culture, developmental history, clinical impairment, and exclusions. Current services should use up-to-date diagnostic methods appropriate to the classification system.
Screening results and online quizzes
A screening questionnaire may suggest that detailed clinical questions are worth asking, but it cannot determine whether a person has schizotypal personality disorder. A trait score may be affected by temporary distress, language interpretation, sleep problems, neurodivergence, and context. Self-diagnosis from a symptom count can also overlook psychotic episodes, other psychiatric conditions, or medical causes. The SPQ diagnostic classification research demonstrates the difference between measuring responses and reaching a clinical formulation.
Culture, age, and diagnostic fairness
Clinicians should understand beliefs, spiritual practices, communication norms, and appearance within the person's community before treating them as evidence of pathology. For immigrants or multilingual individuals, literal interpretation of speech may miss intended nuance. Adolescents can show evolving self-concepts and intense interests, so developmental context and persistence matter especially. An onset late in life or a rapid change in mental state raises different diagnostic concerns and may call for medical investigation. The WHO's CDDR guidance explicitly emphasizes the threshold separating an unusual presentation from clinically meaningful disorder.
Treatment and Care: What the Evidence Actually Shows
Care aims to relieve distress, strengthen functioning, improve relationships and communication, address co-occurring disorders, and help the individual navigate unusual perceptions or suspicious interpretations safely. A collaborative plan prioritizes the person's own goals and safety. There is no one treatment package demonstrated to work for all people with schizotypal personality disorder, and findings from trials of schizophrenia or borderline personality disorder cannot automatically be transferred to it.
Psychotherapy and the therapeutic relationship
A consistent, predictable, respectful therapeutic relationship can be particularly important when mistrust and discomfort with closeness are prominent. Clinicians may use supportive psychotherapy, carefully adapted cognitive or metacognitive interventions, problem-solving work, and approaches tailored to anxiety, depression, and interpersonal functioning. Therapy should proceed at a tolerable pace, make room to discuss unusual experiences without ridicule, and avoid turning every unusual belief into a confrontation. Treatment choice also depends on co-occurring conditions and the person's preferences.
The 2018 systematic review found only three psychotherapy studies among its included papers. A newer 2026 review with GRADE evaluation synthesized 21 heterogeneous studies of pharmacological and psychosocial interventions and rated overall certainty very low to low. It reported promising symptom improvements in some metacognitively oriented and other structured approaches, but trial quality, small samples, different diagnostic populations, and limited long-term data prevent confident rankings of a best therapy. Psychotherapy can be offered as individualized care while its disorder-specific evidence base continues to develop.
Social skills, cognitive remediation, and functional support
Targeted interventions may work on recognizing social cues, planning everyday tasks, cognitive flexibility, communication, or confidence in work and educational settings. A small randomized study involving 28 participants explored combined cognitive remediation and social skills training with guanfacine or placebo and found improvements in selected cognitive and functional outcomes, with possible added benefits in the medication arm. This is a research finding, not grounds for routine prescribing or a universal treatment recommendation; see McClure and colleagues' trial. Functional support often involves practical changes to routines, study or work demands, and access to social or occupational services.
Medication: symptom targets, evidence, and safety
No medication has established disease-modifying efficacy for schizotypal personality disorder as a whole. Prescribers may consider medications for a clearly defined target such as severe co-occurring depression or anxiety, marked transient psychotic-like symptoms, or another independently diagnosed disorder. Antipsychotics have been studied in small trials, but potential metabolic, movement-related, sedating, cardiovascular, and other adverse effects require individualized risk–benefit assessment and monitoring. Medication decisions, starts, stops, and dose changes belong with a qualified prescriber.
A 2003 randomized placebo-controlled risperidone trial enrolled only 25 patients with schizotypal personality disorder and reported improvements on some psychiatric rating scales; it was far too small to settle longer-term functional benefit or general practice. The 2026 systematic review found preliminary effects for several medicines in selected domains, but overall certainty remained very low to low. The review also considered drugs studied for cognitive outcomes; these findings do not make those agents standard treatment. Any plan should specify what improvement is expected, how adverse effects will be monitored, and when the intervention will be reviewed.
Co-occurring disorders and integrated care
Depression, anxiety, substance use problems, neurodevelopmental conditions, and psychotic episodes may need their own evidence-based evaluation and treatment. Managing a co-occurring condition can improve quality of life even when the underlying schizotypal pattern remains. Fragmented services can be especially difficult for someone who is suspicious or overwhelmed by complex systems, so coordinated primary care, psychotherapy, psychiatry, and practical supports may be helpful. For a general explanation of how personality-disorder care is organized, see Personality Disorders: Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment.
Living With Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Daily life may involve an exhausting effort to interpret other people's intentions, keep up with communication expectations, or cope with social events. The difficulty may be invisible to others, and outsiders may mistake apprehension for hostility or distance for indifference. People differ greatly in the degree of distress they experience, their preferred relationships, and the supports they need. Respecting autonomy, identifying reliable people and environments, and setting achievable personal goals are central to recovery-oriented care.
Practical strategies can include consistent sleep and daily schedules, reducing substance-related disruptions, recognizing situations that intensify suspicion or unusual experiences, keeping a written record of distress and sleep for clinical discussion, and making social contact more predictable. These are supportive steps rather than treatments proven to reverse the disorder. It is often more useful to specify a goal—being able to attend class, talk to a colleague, or manage appointments—than to aim vaguely at becoming a different personality.
Supporting a family member or partner
A supportive person can listen carefully, acknowledge that the individual's distress is real, discuss observable difficulties without ridicule, and ask what kind of help is welcome. Avoid confirming potentially unfounded suspicious interpretations as facts, but also avoid argument designed to force immediate agreement. Concrete offers—help arranging an appointment, accompanying someone to a visit with consent, or reducing overwhelming demands—may be more useful than diagnostic labels. Boundaries, privacy, and the person's decision-making role remain important.
When urgent assessment is needed
Arrange prompt clinical assessment if there is a marked new change in perception or belief, growing confusion, inability to manage essential daily needs, or rapidly deteriorating functioning. New sustained hallucinations, strong fixed delusions, severe mood symptoms, or substance-related mental-state changes require a fresh differential assessment rather than assumption that they are simply part of schizotypal personality disorder. If someone is in immediate danger, has a medical emergency, or cannot stay safe, contact local emergency services. In the United States, 988 is available for suicide or mental health crisis support.
Outlook, Prognosis, and Recovery
Longitudinal research describes a condition that can be enduring but also variable in severity and impact. Skills, relationships, symptoms, and quality of life may improve with appropriate care and social support. The fact that traits persist does not make improvement impossible or invalidate meaningful personal goals. Research samples vary, particularly because some follow clinical patients while others assess broad schizotypy in the community; prevalence and prognosis figures should not be merged across those groups.
The 2018 diagnostic and treatment review found heterogeneous studies of course, including remission and transition, and cautioned against making strong inferences from small or inconsistent samples. The Swedish 2024 registry study demonstrates that schizophrenia diagnoses occurred in a minority of its clinically identified cohort; the WHO clinical manual also describes progression as uncommon in general. Follow-up should focus on the individual's present functioning, emerging needs, and goals, not treating a diagnosis as a fixed destiny.
Misconceptions and Stigma
Schizotypal personality disorder is neither another word for being eccentric nor a synonym for schizophrenia. Believing unusual things does not by itself prove illness, and schizotypal traits do not imply dangerousness, low intelligence, dishonesty, or an inability to make meaningful relationships. The disorder is also not interchangeable with schizoid personality disorder. Using diagnostic labels casually to explain someone else's beliefs or behavior can obscure genuine concerns and discourage help-seeking.
A useful clinical formulation describes specific experiences, supports, patterns of impairment, and potential treatment targets. Labels should help people access accurate explanations and individualized care. They should never be used to reduce a person to a set of symptoms or to draw conclusions about someone's morality or future.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can someone have schizotypal traits without having a personality disorder?
Yes. Traits and unusual experiences vary in the population. A clinical diagnosis requires a broader, persistent pattern, clinically meaningful impact, contextual assessment, and appropriate exclusions. A questionnaire result or one example from daily life cannot establish it.
Is schizotypal personality disorder a form of schizophrenia?
DSM-5-TR treats it as a personality disorder related to the schizophrenia spectrum; ICD-11 classifies schizotypal disorder within schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders. The clinical pictures and diagnostic requirements differ. Having the schizotypal diagnosis does not mean schizophrenia is present or inevitable.
Can schizotypal personality disorder lead to psychosis?
Some individuals experience brief or attenuated psychotic-like symptoms, and a minority of certain diagnosed cohorts later develop a psychotic disorder. Individual risk depends on more than the label. New persistent psychosis-related symptoms deserve assessment promptly, regardless of prior diagnosis.
What is the difference between schizotypal and schizoid personality disorder?
Schizoid patterns are principally defined by social detachment and restricted emotional expression. Schizotypal patterns include interpersonal difficulties together with distinctive unusual beliefs or perceptions and cognitive or behavioral features. A clinical professional must decide which, if either, pattern best explains the person's history.
Is social anxiety enough for a schizotypal diagnosis?
No. Social anxiety is a common clinical presentation with several possible explanations. Schizotypal diagnosis requires a broader range of enduring interpersonal and cognitive-perceptual features, not just discomfort around other people.
Are paranormal beliefs, spirituality, or magical thinking proof of disorder?
No. Clinicians assess the person's cultural and religious context, the effects of beliefs on functioning, and other relevant symptoms. A belief shared within a community, or an unusual interest that causes no impairment, does not alone meet diagnostic requirements.
Can a self-test diagnose schizotypal personality disorder?
No. Screening scales can guide questions for a qualified clinician. Diagnosis involves longitudinal history, current functioning, culture, differential diagnoses, and appropriate medical evaluation when indicated.
What treatment works best?
Evidence does not support a universal best treatment. A 2026 systematic review rated certainty very low to low across studied interventions. Care is individualized, often combining psychological support, practical functional help, treatment of co-occurring problems, and carefully evaluated medication when there is a specific indication.
Can people with schizotypal personality disorder form close relationships?
Yes. Interpersonal discomfort or mistrust may create obstacles, but relationships and goals vary among individuals. Respectful, predictable interactions, therapy when helpful, and practical skill-building can support connection in ways that reflect each person's preferences.
For an explanation of the DSM Cluster A grouping and why ICD-11 places schizotypal disorder in a different classification chapter, see Cluster A Personality Disorders: Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal.
Related Articles
Explore Personality Disorders: Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment for the EN-13 overview, Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Types, Differences, and Clinical Diagnosis for the EN-03 clinical spectrum, Ideas of Reference and Delusions of Reference for a specific symptom distinction, and Personality Disorders vs Personality Traits for the boundary between trait language and clinical impairment.
For the focused distinction between this condition and schizophrenia, read Schizotypal Personality Disorder vs Schizophrenia.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2022; current online clinical overview). Personality disorders. American Psychiatric Association.
Gundersen, K. B., et al. (2026). Treatment of schizotypal disorder: A systematic review and GRADE evaluation of the certainty of evidence. Schizophrenia Research, 288, 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2025.12.008.
Kendler, K. S., et al. (2024). The genetic epidemiology of schizotypal personality disorder. PubMed PMID 38362845.
Kirchner, S.-K., et al. (2018). Diagnosis and treatment of schizotypal personality disorder: Evidence from a systematic review. Schizophrenia. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-018-0062-8.
Koenigsberg, H. W., et al. (2003). Risperidone in the treatment of schizotypal personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64, 628–634. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v64n0602.
McClure, M. M., et al. (2019). Guanfacine augmentation of a combined intervention of computerized cognitive remediation therapy and social skills training for schizotypal personality disorder. PubMed PMID 30654644.
World Health Organization. (2024). Clinical descriptions and diagnostic requirements for ICD-11 mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders. WHO publication.
Xi, C., et al. (2020). A diagnostic classification version of Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire using diagnostic classification models. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1807.