OCI-R for OCD: What Is the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised? Scoring, Uses, and Limits

The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) is a brief self-report questionnaire designed to measure distress associated with a range of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. It is widely used in OCD research and clinical settings because it is short, easy to score, and provides both a total score and scores across several symptom domains. The original validation study by Foa and colleagues described an 18-item instrument with six three-item subscales and strong overall psychometric performance. Original validation study.

The most important point is also the one most often lost on online score pages: the OCI-R is a screening and symptom-measurement instrument. It does not establish an OCD diagnosis. A score can help identify whether obsessive-compulsive symptoms deserve closer assessment, describe a symptom profile, provide a baseline, or track change. Diagnosis requires a clinical evaluation that considers the nature and function of symptoms, distress and impairment, differential diagnoses, medical and substance-related factors when relevant, and the person’s broader history. See our guide to OCD diagnosis and the National Institute of Mental Health’s overview of how OCD is diagnosed. NIMH

This distinction matters because a total score is a measurement result, not a disorder. A person can score above a screening threshold without having OCD, and a person with clinically significant OCD can score below a commonly cited cutoff. Screening asks whether further assessment may be useful; diagnosis asks what best explains the person’s symptoms and whether diagnostic criteria are met. Our broader article on OCD tests and screening explains that difference across self-report tools.

What is the OCI-R?

The OCI-R was developed as a shorter revision of the original Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory. The revision removed the original inventory’s separate frequency scale, simplified scoring, reduced overlap among subscales, and substantially reduced administration burden. In the development study, the OCI-R was evaluated in people with OCD, people with other anxiety disorders, and nonanxious participants. The authors reported that the total score and subscales differentiated groups and that receiver operating characteristic analyses supported its usefulness for OCD screening. Foa et al. (2002)

The questionnaire asks the respondent to rate how much they have been bothered or distressed by each represented experience during the recent assessment period. Each item is rated from 0 to 4, from no distress to extreme distress. The OCI-R therefore captures self-reported distress associated with selected obsessive-compulsive phenomena rather than directly measuring every diagnostic criterion, every possible OCD theme, or every aspect of functional impairment.

The 18 items are organized into six original symptom domains: washing, checking, ordering, obsessing, hoarding, and neutralizing. Each domain contains three items. Later clinical work supported the usefulness of these subscales for distinguishing symptom presentations, while also identifying important limitations in how the original six-domain structure maps onto contemporary diagnostic classification. Huppert et al. (2007) Wootton et al. (2015)

What does the OCI-R measure?

The OCI-R measures the person’s own reported distress associated with examples of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. This makes it different from a diagnostic interview and different from a clinician-rated severity scale. It can tell you that certain forms of obsessive-compulsive experience are more or less prominent in the questionnaire profile; it cannot by itself determine why those experiences occur.

For example, repeated checking can occur in OCD, generalized anxiety, trauma-related conditions, illness anxiety, depression-related doubt, psychosis, neurodevelopmental conditions, or ordinary high-stakes situations. Ordering and repetition can arise from obsessive fear, sensory incompleteness, preference, habit, autistic routines, perfectionistic standards, or other mechanisms. The surface behavior is therefore not enough. Our OCD differential diagnosis guide explains why clinicians evaluate the trigger, meaning, function, emotional response, associated rituals, avoidance, insight, and impairment rather than classifying a behavior from appearance alone.

The same principle applies to intrusive thoughts. A high score on the obsessing domain signals greater distress related to the experiences represented by those items; it does not determine whether the thoughts are obsessions in the diagnostic sense. Clinical assessment looks at recurrence, unwantedness, distress, attempts to neutralize or control the thought, associated compulsions, and the overall pattern. See OCD obsessions and OCD symptoms for that clinical context.

How is the OCI-R scored?

Each of the 18 items is scored from 0 to 4. Adding all item scores produces a total score from 0 to 72. Higher totals indicate greater self-reported distress across the symptoms represented by the inventory. There are no reverse-scored items in the standard OCI-R scoring scheme.

Each of the six original subscales contains three items, so each subscale ranges from 0 to 12. The subscale scores can show whether the respondent reports relatively more distress in washing, checking, ordering, obsessing, hoarding, or neutralizing. The total score answers a broad question about overall symptom burden on the instrument; the subscales describe how that burden is distributed across the instrument’s domains.

A subscale profile should be interpreted as descriptive rather than as a set of six diagnoses or official OCD “types.” OCD themes are clinically heterogeneous, can overlap, and can change over time. The six OCI-R domains are measurement dimensions from this instrument. Our article on OCD types and themes explains why common theme labels are useful descriptions but are generally not separate diagnoses.

Washing

The washing subscale represents distress associated with contamination-related concerns and cleaning or washing phenomena. A higher washing score can be compatible with contamination-focused OCD, but the score alone does not establish the mechanism behind cleaning behavior. Context matters, including actual contamination risk, health conditions, cultural practices, trauma history, disgust sensitivity, illness anxiety, and whether washing functions as a ritual intended to neutralize obsessional distress.

Checking

The checking subscale represents distress associated with repeated checking and doubt-related phenomena. In OCD, checking may be driven by uncertainty, inflated responsibility, fear of causing harm, memory distrust, or a need to feel completely certain. Similar-looking checking can also occur for other reasons, so the subscale is a symptom indicator rather than a differential diagnosis.

Ordering

The ordering subscale represents distress involving order, arrangement, symmetry, or exactness. Some OCD presentations are driven by feared consequences, while others are strongly linked to incompleteness or a “not-just-right” feeling. A questionnaire score cannot decide whether orderliness reflects OCD, preference, perfectionism, autistic routine, occupational requirements, or another process.

Obsessing

The obsessing subscale captures distress associated with intrusive or difficult-to-dismiss thoughts represented by the inventory. In the original validation work, this domain was particularly useful in differentiating OCD from control groups. Even so, an elevated obsessing score does not tell a clinician what the thoughts mean, whether there are covert mental compulsions, or whether another condition better accounts for them. Foa et al. (2002)

Hoarding

The hoarding subscale is the most important historical limitation of the original OCI-R structure. When the OCI-R was created, hoarding symptoms were still embedded within the older OCD framework. Contemporary diagnostic systems recognize hoarding disorder separately from OCD. A high hoarding subscale can therefore raise a clinically relevant question, but it should not simply be counted as evidence of OCD. A 2015 psychometric reevaluation showed why this matters and tested a version of the scale that separated hoarding items from the OCD-focused portion. Wootton et al. (2015)

Neutralizing

The neutralizing subscale represents attempts to mentally or behaviorally counteract, undo, or neutralize distressing experiences. Neutralization is clinically important in OCD, especially because many compulsions are covert. At the same time, research has raised questions about the psychometric performance of this particular three-item factor, which is one reason later investigators proposed modified forms of the OCI-R.

What does an OCI-R score of 21 mean?

A total score of 21 is the most widely cited OCI-R screening cutoff. Its meaning is narrower than many online interpretations suggest. In the original development study, a cutoff of 21 was the optimal total-score threshold for distinguishing the OCD group from nonanxious controls. The same study found a different optimal cutoff when the comparison group consisted of people with other anxiety disorders. In other words, the threshold depended on the population being compared. Foa et al. (2002)

In that original OCD-versus-nonanxious comparison, the 21-point threshold had sensitivity of about 66% and specificity of about 64%. Those values are useful evidence precisely because they show why 21 should not be treated as a diagnostic boundary. Sensitivity describes how often a test identifies people who have the target condition in the studied sample; specificity describes how often it correctly identifies people who do not. Neither figure was close to 100%.

Later studies have produced different optimal cutoffs. A contemporary psychometric evaluation summarized published recommendations ranging roughly from 14 to 36 across different samples and settings. Differences in comparison groups, prevalence, language, culture, clinical composition, diagnostic standards, and study purpose can all shift the threshold that best balances sensitivity and specificity. Wootton et al. (2015)

So the practical interpretation is straightforward: a score at or above 21 can be a reason to consider further OCD assessment, especially when the person also reports recurrent obsessions, compulsions, distress, or interference. It is not proof of OCD. A score below 21 does not rule OCD out. Treating 20 and 21 as if they belonged to two fundamentally different clinical realities would misunderstand what a screening cutoff is.

Why a screening cutoff is not a diagnostic cutoff

A screening instrument is designed to help decide who may warrant a closer look. A diagnostic assessment has a different task: determine whether the full clinical pattern satisfies diagnostic criteria and whether another explanation fits better. This distinction is central to evidence-based OCD assessment. A major review of OCD assessment methods separates diagnostic interviews, clinician-rated severity scales, self-report symptom measures, and adjunctive measures because they answer different questions. Rapp et al. (2016)

Suppose two people both score 25. One may have classic obsessions and compulsions that consume hours and interfere with work. Another may endorse ordering, checking, or hoarding-related distress arising primarily from a different condition. The same total does not make their clinical formulation identical. Conversely, a person can have a highly impairing but narrower OCD presentation that is imperfectly sampled by the OCI-R and obtain a total below the conventional screening threshold.

This is why clinicians do not diagnose OCD by adding questionnaire points. They assess symptom form and function, duration, impairment, avoidance, family accommodation, insight, safety issues when relevant, comorbidity, and differential diagnoses. NICE specifically recommends direct exploration of possible obsessive-compulsive symptoms in people at higher risk and a stepped clinical assessment process rather than substituting a single questionnaire score for evaluation. NICE guidance

Does the OCI-R measure OCD severity?

The OCI-R can quantify self-reported obsessive-compulsive symptom distress and is often used as a severity-related outcome measure, especially when repeated over time. But “severity” can mean several things: symptom distress, time occupied, interference, avoidance, control, family impact, functional impairment, and clinician judgment. The OCI-R does not capture all of these dimensions equally.

For a fuller discussion of how clinicians distinguish mild, moderate, and severe presentations, see OCD severity. A single OCI-R total should not be converted into universal mild/moderate/severe categories unless the interpretation is explicitly tied to a validated scoring framework for the exact instrument and population. Many internet score bands are more categorical than the evidence warrants.

A repeated OCI-R can still be clinically informative. If the same person completes the same validated version under similar conditions at baseline and later in treatment, change in the total and subscales can show whether self-reported symptom distress is moving. That longitudinal use is often more informative than treating one isolated score as a label.

Can the OCI-R track treatment response and remission?

Yes, with appropriate context. In a pooled analysis of 349 people with OCD from three cognitive-behavioral therapy trials, Flygare and colleagues compared OCI-R change with clinician-rated standards based on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and Clinical Global Impression scales. A reduction of at least 40% on the OCI-R best corresponded to treatment response in that dataset, with sensitivity of 0.72 and specificity of 0.79. An OCI-R score of 8 or lower was the optimal remission cutoff, with sensitivity of 0.57 and specificity of 0.83. Flygare et al. (2023)

Those numbers should be used for what they are: empirically derived outcome markers in treated, diagnosed OCD samples. They are not new diagnostic thresholds for someone taking the questionnaire for the first time. A follow-up score of 8 can support a remission assessment in the appropriate context, but remission is a clinical construct that also involves symptoms, functioning, course, and the assessment framework being used. See OCD recovery for the broader distinction among improvement, response, remission, setbacks, and long-term management.

Percentage change is also different from absolute score. Someone moving from 40 to 24 has improved by 40%, even though the follow-up score remains above the commonly cited screening cutoff. Someone moving from 12 to 7 has a smaller absolute change but ends with a very low score. Baseline severity and the clinical picture therefore matter when interpreting treatment progress.

How strong is the evidence for the OCI-R?

The OCI-R has a substantial psychometric literature. The original study found strong reliability and validity across OCD, other anxiety disorders, and nonanxious samples. Abramowitz and Deacon later replicated the six-factor model in a clinical sample of 167 people with OCD and 155 people with other anxiety disorders, finding good convergent validity and useful discrimination between groups. Abramowitz & Deacon (2006)

Huppert and colleagues examined the six subscales in a clinical sample and found that people whose primary symptom presentation matched a given domain tended to score higher on the corresponding OCI-R subscale. This supports using the subscales as descriptive symptom measures rather than treating the total score as the only meaningful output. Huppert et al. (2007)

At the same time, evidence-based assessment reviews emphasize limitations. Self-report measures can correlate with anxiety, depression, and worry; respondents differ in insight and interpretation; questionnaires sample only selected symptoms; and diagnosis requires more than psychometric separation between groups. The OCI-R is best understood as one component of an assessment system, not as the system itself. Rapp et al. (2016)

The hoarding problem and the modern OCI-R

The original OCI-R reflects the diagnostic framework of its era. Its hoarding items were reasonable when hoarding was conceptualized within OCD, but current classification separates hoarding disorder from OCD. That historical change creates a measurement problem: adding hoarding distress to the OCI-R total can increase a nominal “OCD” score even when hoarding symptoms belong to a distinct disorder.

Wootton and colleagues directly tested this issue in 474 participants with OCD, hoarding disorder, or no psychiatric history. They analyzed a 15-item OCD-focused score excluding the three hoarding items and a separate three-item hoarding score. In that study, an OCI-OCD cutoff of 12 and an OCI-HD cutoff of 6 provided useful discrimination between the relevant diagnostic groups. These are research findings from a modified scoring approach, not a reason for readers to invent their own unofficial score without context. Wootton et al. (2015)

The larger lesson is that psychometric instruments have histories. A validated questionnaire does not become permanently immune to changes in diagnostic classification, new evidence, or better models of symptom structure. When clinicians and researchers use an older measure, they should know what its domains mean in the current nosology.

What is the OCI-12, and is it replacing the OCI-R?

The OCI-12 is a later 12-item modification proposed to align the instrument more closely with contemporary OCD symptom structure. Abramovitch, Abramowitz, and McKay analyzed data from 1,087 adults with OCD, 1,306 adults with anxiety-related disorders, and 423 community participants. Their analyses removed the three hoarding items and then the three neutralizing items, producing a 12-item measure with good-to-excellent psychometric properties and stronger diagnostic classification performance in their samples. Abramovitch et al. (2021)

That does not make every existing OCI-R dataset obsolete. The 18-item OCI-R has decades of research, extensive clinical familiarity, translations, and longitudinal comparability. The OCI-12 is best understood as a modern modification with promising evidence. Which measure to use depends on the purpose, setting, population, existing protocols, licensing or access considerations, and the need to compare results with prior studies.

OCI-R versus Y-BOCS

The OCI-R and the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale are often mentioned together, but they are not interchangeable. The OCI-R is a brief self-report inventory focused on distress associated with selected symptom examples and their domains. The Y-BOCS family is clinician-administered in its standard form and is widely used to rate OCD severity in diagnosed or clinically assessed patients. A person can complete the OCI-R independently; a standard Y-BOCS assessment involves clinician judgment and a different scoring framework.

This difference explains why studies frequently use the Y-BOCS as a reference measure when evaluating treatment response while using the OCI-R as a faster patient-reported outcome. The Flygare study, for example, calibrated OCI-R treatment-response and remission thresholds against clinician-rated Y-BOCS and Clinical Global Impression criteria. Flygare et al. (2023)

Neither instrument should be confused with the diagnosis itself. Measurement of symptom severity begins after—or alongside—a clinical evaluation that establishes what symptoms are being measured. Our dedicated Y-BOCS article explains its scoring and interpretation separately, so the two intents remain distinct.

OCI-R versus an online “OCD test”

An online form may reproduce the OCI-R scoring logic, adapt it, or merely borrow the language of OCD screening. These are not equivalent. If wording, response options, time frame, item order, or scoring are changed, the resulting questionnaire is not automatically the validated OCI-R. Psychometric properties belong to a particular instrument administered in a particular way; they do not transfer automatically to an altered quiz.

This is a major reason to check what an online test actually is. A reputable screening page should identify the instrument, explain the score range and evidence, state that screening is not diagnosis, avoid presenting a single cutoff as certainty, and direct people with significant symptoms or impairment toward professional assessment. Our OCD test guide covers these questions more broadly.

Copyright and test-access rules also matter. This article explains scoring and interpretation but does not reproduce the full OCI-R item set. Clinicians, researchers, and platforms should use an authorized instrument and follow the applicable permissions and administration standards.

Why high OCI-R scores can occur without OCD

The OCI-R asks about experiences that are clinically relevant to OCD but are not unique to OCD. Anxiety disorders can involve repeated checking and intrusive worry. Depression can involve rumination and doubt. Eating disorders and body dysmorphic disorder can involve repetitive rituals. Autism can involve repetition and insistence on sameness. Psychotic disorders can involve unusual beliefs, although their phenomenology differs from typical obsessions. Hoarding disorder can elevate the original hoarding subscale by design.

The diagnostic task is therefore not “Which disorder has checking?” but “What process is producing this checking in this person?” Our OCD misdiagnosis and OCD differential diagnosis articles examine the clinical distinctions in detail. This also explains why the OCI-R’s discrimination against healthy controls is not the same as discrimination among complex psychiatric presentations.

Why low OCI-R scores can occur in people who still need OCD assessment

A low total can occur when symptoms are concentrated in a narrow domain, when the person’s most impairing theme is not sampled well by the 18 items, when compulsions are mainly mental or covert, when shame reduces disclosure, when insight affects self-report, or when avoidance prevents frequent contact with triggers. The OCI-R is intentionally brief; brevity is one of its strengths and one of its limits.

Clinical assessment should therefore follow the person’s actual symptoms, not stop because a total is below 21. If recurrent intrusive experiences, rituals, reassurance seeking, mental neutralizing, avoidance, or “not-just-right” repetition are causing significant distress or interfering with life, an OCD-focused evaluation can be appropriate regardless of a single screener result. The NIMH similarly emphasizes clinical evaluation when symptoms are concerning rather than diagnosis by self-test. NIMH

Can the OCI-R be used with children and teenagers?

The adult OCI-R is not automatically the best instrument for every age group. Development changes how symptoms are understood, reported, and observed, and younger people may have less insight into whether rituals are excessive. Youth assessment often benefits from developmentally validated measures and information from both the young person and caregivers.

A revised child version, the OCI-CV-R, was published in 2022 after psychometric work in pediatric samples. It was designed specifically for youth rather than assuming that adult scoring can simply be transferred downward in age. Abramovitch et al. (2022)

For age-specific clinical context, see OCD in children and OCD in teenagers. In children especially, assessment may need to consider developmental rituals, family accommodation, school functioning, tics, neurodevelopmental conditions, and the child’s ability to describe internal obsessions and mental compulsions.

Language, culture, and translated versions

The OCI-R has been translated and studied in multiple languages and cultural settings. That body of work supports its broad utility, but it also shows why a cutoff should not be treated as a universal biological constant. Translation can change nuance, symptom endorsement can vary across cultural contexts, and the performance of a threshold depends on the population in which it is tested.

For clinical or research use in another language, the strongest approach is to use a validated translation and interpret scores using evidence from a population reasonably relevant to the setting. A literal translation created for an online quiz does not automatically inherit the reliability, factor structure, or diagnostic accuracy of the original English measure.

How clinicians can use the OCI-R well

Used well, the OCI-R can serve several roles. It can provide an efficient first-pass screen when OCD is one possibility among several. It can give a structured snapshot of self-reported symptom distress before an appointment. It can help identify domains worth exploring in a clinical interview. It can establish a baseline and support repeated outcome monitoring. It can also provide a standardized patient-reported measure in research.

The score becomes more informative when paired with questions such as: Which symptoms are actually impairing? What triggers them? Are the thoughts intrusive and unwanted? What does the person do in response? Are there mental compulsions or reassurance seeking? What happens if the ritual is resisted? Is the behavior intended to reduce threat, guilt, disgust, uncertainty, or incompleteness? Does another disorder better explain it? How much time and functioning are affected?

Those questions convert a questionnaire result into clinically meaningful assessment. They also prevent two opposite errors: dismissing a person because the score is below a threshold, and declaring a diagnosis because the score is above it.

What should you do with an OCI-R result?

If you are using the OCI-R for yourself, treat the result as information rather than a verdict. Look at the total, notice which domains contributed to it, and consider whether the experiences are recurrent, unwanted, time-consuming, distressing, or disruptive. If symptoms are interfering with daily life, a clinician experienced in OCD can evaluate the full pattern. A result does not need to cross a particular number before you are allowed to ask for help.

If you already have an OCD diagnosis and are using the OCI-R during treatment, consistency matters. Use the same version and scoring method at comparable time points and interpret change alongside functioning, clinical assessment, treatment adherence, and other outcome measures. A meaningful score reduction can support evidence of improvement without replacing the broader clinical picture.

If screening or assessment points toward OCD, effective treatments are available. Evidence-based care commonly includes cognitive behavioral therapy with exposure and response prevention and, when appropriate, medication. See our full guide to OCD treatment for treatment evidence and options.

Frequently asked questions about the OCI-R

Is the OCI-R an OCD diagnostic test?

No. It is a validated self-report measure that can support screening and symptom measurement. Diagnosis requires a clinical assessment of symptoms, impairment, course, differential diagnoses, and relevant medical or psychiatric context. A questionnaire can contribute evidence to that process but does not replace it.

Does a score of 21 mean I have OCD?

No. Twenty-one is a commonly cited screening cutoff from the original validation work, particularly the comparison between people with OCD and nonanxious controls. It indicates that further assessment may be warranted; it is not a diagnostic boundary.

What if my score is 20 instead of 21?

A one-point difference around a screening threshold should not be treated as a categorical clinical change. Measurement error, day-to-day variation, interpretation of items, and sample-specific cutoff performance all matter. Symptoms and impairment remain clinically relevant on either side of the threshold.

Can I have OCD with a low OCI-R score?

Yes. A brief questionnaire can miss or underrepresent a person’s dominant symptoms, especially when symptoms are narrow, covert, avoided, shame-laden, or difficult to map onto the available items. A low result can reduce screening probability in the relevant context but cannot rule OCD out by itself.

Can anxiety or depression raise an OCI-R score?

They can contribute to overlapping self-reported distress and repetitive thinking or checking. Research finds that the OCI-R has useful validity but imperfect discriminant separation from anxiety, depression, and worry. That is another reason clinical interpretation matters. Rapp et al. (2016)

Does the OCI-R measure “Pure O” or mental compulsions?

The OCI-R includes an obsessing domain and a neutralizing domain, so it can capture some relevant experiences. It is not a complete inventory of every covert compulsion, reassurance process, mental review strategy, or taboo theme. A clinician should ask directly about mental rituals and avoidance rather than assuming a questionnaire total has captured them all.

Can the OCI-R be used to monitor treatment?

Yes. Repeated scores can track self-reported change, and research supports thresholds for treatment response and remission in diagnosed OCD treatment samples. Those thresholds are outcome markers, not first-time diagnostic cutoffs. Flygare et al. (2023)

Is hoarding part of the OCI-R?

Yes, the original 18-item OCI-R includes a three-item hoarding subscale. Modern diagnostic classification treats hoarding disorder separately from OCD, so that subscale is a known interpretive limitation of the original total score. Later research has tested scoring approaches that separate hoarding from the OCD-focused portion.

Is the OCI-12 better than the OCI-R?

The OCI-12 is a newer modification with strong psychometric evidence and closer alignment with contemporary OCD symptom structure. The 18-item OCI-R remains widely used and has a much longer research history. “Better” depends on the assessment goal, population, setting, and need for comparability with prior data.

Which is better, the OCI-R or Y-BOCS?

They serve different purposes. The OCI-R is brief and self-reported, making it efficient for screening and repeated patient-reported measurement. The standard Y-BOCS is clinician-administered and is a major tool for rating OCD severity. In many clinical and research contexts, the measures are complementary rather than competitors.

When should someone seek an OCD assessment?

An assessment is reasonable when intrusive thoughts, compulsions, reassurance seeking, mental rituals, avoidance, or “not-just-right” repetition are recurrent, distressing, time-consuming, or interfering with school, work, relationships, health, or daily functioning. You do not need to reach a particular OCI-R score before seeking evaluation.

Bottom line

The OCI-R is one of the best-established brief self-report measures of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Its strengths are efficiency, a clear 0–72 total score, six original symptom-domain scores, extensive psychometric research, and usefulness for screening and repeated measurement. Its limitations are equally important: the widely cited cutoff of 21 is sample-dependent rather than diagnostic, the original hoarding domain no longer maps neatly onto current OCD classification, the questionnaire cannot cover every symptom or differential diagnosis, and self-report does not replace clinical assessment.

The strongest interpretation therefore uses the OCI-R as a structured piece of evidence. A score can tell you how much distress a person reports on this measure and where that distress is concentrated. Diagnosis, severity formulation, treatment planning, and remission decisions require the wider clinical picture.

References

Abramovitch, A., Abramowitz, J. S., & McKay, D. (2021). The OCI-12: A syndromally valid modification of the obsessive-compulsive inventory-revised. Psychiatry Research, 298, 113808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113808

Abramovitch, A., Abramowitz, J. S., McKay, D., Cham, H., Anderson, K. S., Farrell, L., Geller, D. A., Hanna, G. L., Mathieu, S., McGuire, J. F., Rosenberg, D. R., Stewart, S. E., Storch, E. A., & Wilhelm, S. (2022). The OCI-CV-R: A revision of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory - Child Version. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 86, 102532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102532

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Flygare, O., Wallert, J., Chen, L.-L., Fernández de la Cruz, L., Lundström, L., Mataix-Cols, D., Rück, C., & Andersson, E. (2023). Empirically defining treatment response and remission in obsessive-compulsive disorder using the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised. Behavior Therapy, 54(1), 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2022.06.009

Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2002). The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: Development and validation of a short version. Psychological Assessment, 14(4), 485–496. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.14.4.485

Huppert, J. D., Walther, M. R., Hajcak, G., Yadin, E., Foa, E. B., Simpson, H. B., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2007). The OCI-R: Validation of the subscales in a clinical sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(3), 394–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.006

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2005, current guidance). Obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder: treatment (CG31), Recommendations. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg31/chapter/Recommendations

National Institute of Mental Health. (2023). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: When unwanted thoughts or repetitive behaviors take over. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-when-unwanted-thoughts-or-repetitive-behaviors-take-over

Rapp, A. M., Bergman, R. L., Piacentini, J., & McGuire, J. F. (2016). Evidence-based assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Central Nervous System Disease, 8, 13–29. https://doi.org/10.4137/JCNSD.S38359

Wootton, B. M., Diefenbach, G. J., Bragdon, L. B., Steketee, G., Frost, R. O., & Tolin, D. F. (2015). A contemporary psychometric evaluation of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R). Psychological Assessment, 27(3), 874–882. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000075